RA #3

Rhetorical Analysis

 

 

            Cultural and social demands lay a heavy burden on the youth in today’s society. Strict social behaviors define who and what a person is or is not. Deviations from these social norms are treated with harsh and unforgiving disapproval by the general population. In particular, males are taught from early childhood how they are supposed to act in order to “be a man.” Michael Kimmel explains this concept excellently in his article, “‘Bros Before Hos’: The Guy Code.” In the piece Mr. Kimmel states that the saying, “be a man,” brings to mind many masculine mottos such as “boys don’t cry,” “size matters” and “nice guys finish last.” Unfortunately these slogans have negative connotations. They typically emphasize that men are supposed to be unemotional, powerful and successful beings. Furthermore, these codes, or more accurately, “set of rules” allow other males to constantly scrutinize their peers, determining if they measure up to what is expected of them. This perpetual policing of actions and behaviors causes severe issues in various aspects of a male’s life, for example, risk-taking, anger management, depression, health risks,  and drug abuse to name a few. Evident in the style the article is written in, the audience this piece is aimed toward is the male sector. Moreover, the article is directed to those men that follow the “guy code” since they are the one who relate the most to the situations described. This is also confirmed by the fact that females are written off as insignificant and not plagued by any sort of similar issue. If it were noted that the female population has a similar difficulty with societal pressures to be hyper-feminine and perfect, then the author could have narrowed his scope from that point. However he chose to disregard the female spectrum, and I disagree with his decision. I took it with a grain of salt that perhaps Mr. Kimmel was just emulating one of his points: “masculinity is the relentless repudiation of the feminine” (Kimmel 609).  As a female I was also irate after reading “Women have, in men’s minds, such a low place on the social ladder of this country that it’s useless to define yourself in terms of a woman. What men need is men’s approval” (Kimmel 611). Nonetheless, Kimmel appeals to the emotions of the audience as well, recounting students’ responses to how they feel about stepping outside of the guy code. One student admits, “It’s not very safe out there on your own. I suppose as I get older, I’ll get more secure, and feel like I couldn’t care less what other guys say. But now, in my fraternity, on this campus, man, I’d lose everything” (Kimmel 614). Even after the comment on females in the beginning of the article, I began to feel sorry for the interviewee, as was intended by the author. Overall, I am of the opinion that I am not part of the target audience, thus producing the negative effect the article had upon my disposition. The style of writing was written for a “man’s man,” further strengthening the argument the article discussed.

 

 

Works Cited

 

Kimmel, Michael. "Bros Before Hos’: The Guy Code." Rereading America: Cultural Contexts      for Critical Thinking and Writing 8 (2010): 608-17. Print.

 

RA #2

Julie Carrow

                                                                                     Rhetorical Analysis

                Joan Morgan’s approach in the article “From Fly-Girls to Bitches and Hos,” attempts to solve the problem of sexism in the black community by bringing the “brothers and sistas” together, allowing them to openly discuss the difficult topics that are plaguing their community. The topics center on sexism in hip-hop and the desolation hiding behind the masculinity and boldness of the verbiage in most hip-hop songs. Morgan believes that “black on black love” is at risk of disappearing and the sexism in rap music, which many black males identify with, is actually an expression of despair at their position in their community. To remedy this, Morgan stresses that “brothers and sistas” “give[]our community the potential for remedies based on honest, clear diagnoses” (Morgan 607). This article was written primarily to a African American audience, observed through the use of jargon that the article is written in. The article is aimed toward someone who knows who “Notorious B.I.G., Sir Mix A-Lot, and Jeru the Damaja” are, otherwise the evidence the author provides might not have the desired impact. In my opinion, Morgan does a respectable job of luring in her audience with proper logos they can relate to, such as, “while it’s human to occasionally fall deep into love thang with people or situations that simply aren’t good for you, feminism alerted me long ago to the dangers of romancing a misogynist (and ridiculously fine, brilliant ones with gangsta leans are no exception)” (Morgan 602). Furthermore, Morgan appeals to the emotions of the audience as she discusses the fatal animal attack and burn victim as examples of how the black community is having a hard time loving each other. I found these examples appalling, though well suited for her case. I also found it thought-provoking that Morgan mentions the women who participate in degrading hip-hop videos. Typically when I think of hip-hop videos I scowl because of the portrayal of women it promotes. However, Morgan has a noteworthy point: “sistas have to confront the ways we’re complicit in our own oppression. Sad to say it, but many of the ways in which men exploit our images and sexuality in hip-hop is done with our permission and cooperation” (Morgan 605). I do not often think about the reality that those women volunteered for the roles of being depicted as objects. Overall I would have to agree with Morgan’s article: a decent remedy for the situation of sexism in hip-hop is to get the different genders together to communicate and discuss what it is that is causing the apparent grief illustrated in the lyrics. If the parties can listen to the other and come to an understanding of each other, the bonds between “brother and sista” will grow stronger, portrayals of sexism will diminish, and the black community as a whole will be well on its way to a healthy and connected union.

 

 

Morgan, Joan. “From Fly-Girls to Bitches and Hos.” Rereading American:Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking       

                  and Writing 8 (2010): 601-07. Print.

 

 

RR #2

To be a man is to be tough and to show no fear, this is what most fathers teach their sons growing up. This has been going on for decades; men are supposed to be the strong ones, the ones that have the power. According to “Bros Before Hos”: The Guy Code by Michael Kimmel not only occurs in home but is displayed in the outside world. Michael talks about “Guy Code” which are the values, qualities, and the attitude that defines a man. Masculinity, Kimmel says, is attributed through peers. Once a man steps outside of those lines, the risk is being emasculated. Kimmel also brings up another point that the rules of masculinity is not for the women in their lives but for the men, impress a man rather than a woman. Kimmel further discussed that because of the homophobia and the fear of being as seen effeminate, a man tends to live a bit more dangerously. I find it true that men focus more into physical attributes and that women look on the emotional. If men see that another man is not as masculine as they are, they start name calling them just because they don’t act as tough as them. Also when a woman notices the guy talking to them normally without showing some interest in them, they automatically come to the assumption that he is gay. I find it interesting when Eminem was being questioned on one of his interviews about how he kept saying faggot in one of his songs. He said that calling another man a faggot is just to take their manhood away from them. To say that they are weak not necessarily that they like other men. Another thing that caught my attention was men don’t act tough just to impress women; they act like this because they want to be well evaluated my other men. I believe that it’s harder for a man to fit in and be accepted in this society because guys just try to see who is better than the other. While Guy Code may have been meant as a guideline to make men stronger, it really can turn out to be to be self destructive in the end. Bottling up feelings can lead to depression or serious anger issues. However as hard  as it may be, it really is no wonder why men feel so pressured to live up to Guy Code when their being bombarded with expectations by women as well as other men.

Final Draft

Julie Carrow

English 1A

Professor Knapp

14 October 2012

 

Yes on Proposition 30: For a Better California

 

Education is the foundation of our future. Franklin D. Roosevelt stated that “the real safeguard of democracy, therefore, is education.” Our country’s future relies on the knowledge of today’s youth.  However, our struggling economy is forcing states to make budget cuts to our educational system. Over the past 4 years, more than $20 billion in funding has been taken from public education in California alone. When one looks at the connection between student achievement and a state’s commitment to fund education, California is in the bottom ten percent of national standings for both.  What is more shocking is that California ranks 47th in a state’s per-pupil spending, which is $2,400 below the national average. According to California State Student Association, California is ranked dead last in student-to-teacher ratio. Our college and university system is central to our State’s appeal. Indeed, it has long been one of our most vital competitive advantages. Our educational system has attracted many talented people and businesses. Our economy relies on an educated population.

         Unfortunately, more cuts to California’s educational system are set to occur this year and in the upcoming years. Luckily, Governor Jerry Brown brought Proposition 30: Schools and Safety Protection Act to the ballot this November 6, 2012, to thwart these proposed cuts to our educational system. Given that the State of California is already ranked poorly and Californians are already suffering from recent educational cuts, it is imperative that Proposition 30 is passed to save our system.  

 

Proposition 30 is an initiative constitutional amendment. This means that Proposition 30 would alter the state of California’s Constitution. Proposition 30, also known as Jerry Brown’s Tax Measure, will increase California’s sales tax by a quarter of a cent per year from January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2016. Currently, California’s statewide sales tax rate is 7.25 percent. The tax increase would raise it to 7.50 percent. Additionally, the measure will increase personal income tax for Californians’ who make over 250,000 dollars per year and for joint filers making over 500,000 dollars per year for seven years. This income tax increase will affect roughly one percent of Californians.  In contrast, the numbers show that in California roughly six million Californians had incomes below the poverty line in 2010.

 

Proposition 30 would allot eighty-nine percent of the temporary tax revenue to K-12 schools and eleven percent to community colleges. The billions in new funding will go towards smaller class sizes, rehiring teachers, public safety, and social programs.  Additionally, Proposition 30 impacts public safety. Proposition 30 would guarantee funding for all counties that are managing state prisoners under the new realignment program. The new realignment program is meant to ease crowding in state prisons. If the measure is not passed our schools face another $6 billion in cuts this year.  Additionally, enrollment will decrease by a minimum of 12,000 students.  

 

Critics of Proposition 30 say that there is no guarantee that the revenue would be spent properly and end up in the classroom. However, Proposition 30 is very specific on how its funding would be allocated. Revenues from Proposition 30 will be deposited in the Educational Protection Account or EPA. According to the California League of Women Voters, the bulk of Proposition 30 funds would go directly to K-12 school districts, county offices of education, and charter schools. The remaining eleven percent of funds would go directly to the community colleges. Each school district will receive at least two-hundred dollars in EPA funds per student.  Each community college district would receive at least one-hundred dollars in funds per student as well. Each school district, charter school, and community college district has the power of deciding where the funds from EPA are used. However, to safeguard any frivolous spending, each district is required to hold public meeting when making spending decisions.  Further, the opposition claims that it does not include any budget reform. Proponents of Proposition 30 believe that it is more important to save our schools now and demand reform in the future. Without Proposition 30 our education system will crumble with more cuts, and who is to say even if Proposition 30 is not passed that any budget reform would occur.

 

I have always stated that I have a right to an education and that it is one of my fundamental freedoms. Education must be accessible to me. As a college student, this topic directly affects me. I am 21-years-old and am still working towards a nursing degree. I should already be able to transfer to a four-year university but because of the recent cutbacks I will have to wait another year. I have been unable to take the courses I need in order to transfer into a nursing program. Additionally, the courses that I have taken have been impacted. Like many of my classmates I often find myself sitting on the ground in the back of a lecture hall since all the seats are taken. I have also had to take courses at four different community colleges because many courses have been cancelled at the one close to my house. I spend hours commuting and less time studying due to this setback. I want to move ahead with my life, and additional cuts to our education system will just set me back more. It is hard to stay positive. My story is not unique. Many face these challenges. What will next year look like? Will it take me eight or nine years to become a registered nurse? As a state, California cannot make any more cuts to our schooling. Educating young Americans is our only way of succeeding as a state in the future.

 

Why would we want to make it harder for our youth to get ahead and to get the education they want? We are willing to put in the work and now more cuts would thwart our dreams. If Proposition 30 is not passed future generations would not be as educated as they are today. How can anyone rationalize making more cuts? Limiting one’s ability to succeed is wrong. Will it just keep getting worse in ten years? Things need to change or California’s educational system will be a complete joke, an embarrassment. Prop 30 is the key to getting California back on track and investing in our common future. In order for this to not be the case, Proposition 30 must be passed. I am ready to take stand for California education. Are you?

Rough Draft

Julie Carrow
October 6, 2012
English 1A Knapp

Rough Draft

 

Education is the foundation of our future. Franklin D. Roosevelt stated that “the real safeguard of democracy, therefore, is education.” Our country’s future relies on the knowledge of today’s youth.  However, our struggling economy is forcing states to make budget cuts to our educational system. Over the past 4 years, more than $20 billion in funding has been taken from public education in California alone. When one looks at the connection between student achievement and a state’s commitment to fund education, California is in the bottom ten percent of national standings for both.  What is more shocking is that California ranks 47th in a state’s per-pupil spending, which is $2,400 below the national average. Further, California is ranked dead last in student-to-teacher ratio. Our college and university system is central to our State’s appeal. Indeed, it has long been one of our most vital competitive advantages. Our educational system has attracted many talented people and businesses. Our economy relies on an educated population.

         Unfortunately, more cuts to California’s educational system are set to occur this year and in the upcoming years. Luckily, Governor Jerry Brown brought Proposition 30: Schools and Safety Protection Act to the ballot this November 6, 2012, to thwart these proposed cuts to our educational system. Proposition 30 is an initiative constitutional amendment. This means that Proposition 30 would alter the state of California’s Constitution. Proposition 30, also known as Jerry Brown’s Tax Measure, will increase California’s sales tax by a quarter of a cent per year from January 1, 2013, through December 31, 2016. Currently, California’s statewide sales tax rate is 7.25 percent. The tax increase would raise it to 7.50 percent. Additionally, the measure will increase personal income tax for Californians’ who make over 250,000 dollars per year and for joint filers making over 500,000 dollars per year for seven years. This income tax increase will affect roughly one percent of Californians.  In contrast, the numbers show that in California roughly six million Californians had incomes below the poverty line in 2010.

 

Proposition 30 would allot eighty-nine percent of the temporary tax revenue to K-12 schools and eleven percent to community colleges. The billions in new funding will go towards smaller class sizes, rehiring teachers, public safety, and social programs.  Additionally, Proposition 30 impacts public safety. Proposition 30 would guarantee funding for all counties that are managing state prisoners under the new realignment program. The new realignment program is meant to ease crowding in state prisons. If the measure is not passed our schools face another $6 billion in cuts this year.  Additionally, enrollment will decrease by a minimum of 12,000 students.  

 

Critics of Proposition 30 say that there is no guarantee that the revenue would be spent properly. However, Proposition 30 is very specific on how its funding would be allocated. Revenues from Proposition 30 will be deposited in the Educational Protection Account or EPA. The bulk of Proposition 30 funds would go directly to K-12 school districts, county offices of education, and charter schools. The remaining eleven percent of funds would go directly to the community colleges. Each school district will receive at least two-hundred dollars in EPA funds per student.  Each community college district would receive at least one-hundred dollars in funds per student as well. Each school district, charter school, and community college district has the power of deciding where the funds from EPA are used. However, to safeguard any frivolous spending, each district is required to hold a public meeting when making spending decisions.  

 

I have always stated that I have a right to an education and that it is one of my fundamental freedoms. Education must be accessible to me. As a college student, this topic directly affects me. I am 21-years-old and am still working towards a nursing degree. I should already be able to transfer to a four-year university but because of the recent cutbacks I will have to wait another year. I have been unable to take the courses I need in order to transfer into a nursing program. Additionally, the courses that I have taken have been impacted. Like many of my classmates I often find myself sitting on the ground in the back of a lecture hall since all the seats are taken. I have also had to take courses at four different community colleges because many courses were cancelled at the one close to my house. I spend hours commuting and less time studying due to this setback. I want to move ahead with my life, and additional cuts to our education system will just set me back more. It is hard to stay positive. My story is not unique. Many face these challenges. What will next year look like? Will it take me eight or nine years to become a registered nurse? As a state, California cannot make any more cuts to our schooling. Educating young Americans is our only way of succeeding as a state in the future.

 

Why would we want to make it harder for our youth to get ahead and to get the education they want? We are willing to put in the work and now more cuts would thwart our dreams. If Proposition 30 is not passed future generations would not be as educated as they are today. How can anyone rationalize making more cuts? Limiting one’s ability to succeed is wrong. Will it just keep getting worse in ten years? Things need to change or California’s educational system will be a complete joke, an embarrassment. Prop 30 is the key to getting California back on track and investing in our common future. In order for this to not be the case, Proposition 30 must be passed. I am ready to take stand for California education. Are you?

Proposal

Julie Carrow

Proposal

Title: It is essential that California passes Proposition 30.

Author: I am a 21 year old college student. I am a third year student and have been having trouble getting the courses I need to transfer to a four-year university. Prior cutbacks have set me back. Further cutbacks will make it even harder for me to transfer. I am directly affected by Proposition 30.

Date:  Proposition 30 makes its way to the ballot during a time of economic hardship for California. Taxpayers’ money needs to be allocated properly, to the places most deserving. Proposition 30 sets forth a plan to stop further cuts to education system, essentially saving the system.

Topic: Proposition 30 is a measure that raises taxes for those making over $250,000 and an increase in sales tax. The money will go towards education, public safety, and community programs all of which have received cuts in the prior years.

Exigence: California’s educational system will be facing more cuts if Proposition 30 is not passed. Further cuts brought to an already damaged system will thwart many individuals from reaching their highest potential. Proposition 30 uses the tax money to fill the educational deficit and stop further cuts being made.

Intended Audience: My intended audience is registered voters in the state of California and college students whom this will affect.

Logos: Proposition 30 gives taxpayers’ money to K-12 schools and community colleges. The billions in new funding will go towards smaller class sizes, rehiring teachers, etc..  If the measure is not passed our schools face another $6 billion in cuts this year.  Additionally, enrollment will decrease by a minimum of 12,000 students.  Proposition 30 will temporarily increases the sales tax. Additionally, those making over $250,000 will receive a higher income tax rate.    

Ethos: As a college student, this topic directly affects me. I am 21 and am still working towards a nursing degree. I should already be able to transfer to a four-year university but because of the cutbacks I will have to wait another year. I have been unable to take the courses I need in order to transfer into a nursing program. Additionally, the courses that I have taken have been impacted. Often, I find myself sitting on the ground in the back of a lecture hall since all the seats are taken. I have also taken courses at four different community colleges because many are cancelled at the one close to my house. I spend hours commuting and less studying due to this setback. I want to move ahead with my life, and additional cuts to our education system will just set me back more. It is hard to stay positive. As a state, California cannot make any more cuts to our schooling. Educating young Americans is our only way of succeeding as a state in the future.

Pathos: Why would we want to make it harder for our young to get ahead and to get the education they want? We are willing to put in the work and now more cuts would thwart our dreams. If Proposition 30 is not passed future generations would not be as educated as they are today. How can anyone rationalize making more cuts? Limiting one’s ability to succeed is wrong. Will it just keep getting worse in ten years? Things need to change or California’s educational system will be a complete joke, an embarrassment. In order for this to not be the case, Proposition 30 must be passed.

Annotated Bibliographies

Julie Carrow

Annotated Bibliography

"Proposition 30: The Schools and Local Public Safety Protection Act of 2012." California State Student Association, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012.  <http://www.csustudents.org/whatwedo/ documents/ Legislative%20Affairs%20docs/Prop%20-30-Education-Template.pdf>.

This educational template published by the California State Student Association discusses the impact that Proposition 30 has on California educational institutions.  The document discusses the main proponents of the measure being more money for K-12 and community colleges. Additionally, it discusses the major impact on higher education if the measure is not passed that being a budget cut of $250 million minimum. Additionally, enrollment will decrease by a minimum of 12,000 students.  The document provides factual evidence pertaining to the impact the proposition has monetarily for education and what would happen if not supported. The source of the article is an organization that has publically supported the proposition.

 

“Temporary Taxes To Fund Education. Guaranteed Local Public Safety Funding." League of Women Voters of California, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://cavotes.org/vote/election /2012/november/6/ballot-measure/temporary-taxes-fund-education-guaranteed-local-public-safety-funding>.

The article published by the League of Women Voters of California discusses the pros and cons of Proposition 30. The article discusses the pros and cons of Proposition 30 and whether the California Constitution should be amended. After the article provided a summary of the Proposition, it showed what passing the proposition would do for schools as well as the affect it would have on taxpayers. The article also showed the negative aspects of Proposition 30 like an increase in sales and income tax as well as no assurance that the money will be spent in the classroom. This source seems quite unbiased since it does show the pros and cons. However, the League of Women Voters of California recommends supporting Proposition 30.